Sulfated

Sulfated describes a molecule that contains one or more sulfate groups, typically as sulfate esters or sulfate salts. In organic chemistry, sulfation is the process of introducing a sulfate group into a molecule, often resulting in increased polarity and water solubility. Sulfated compounds can form as esters (R–O–SO3−) or as inorganic sulfate salts.

In biological systems, sulfation is a common post-synthetic modification that modulates molecular interactions. Sulfotransferase enzymes transfer a sulfate group from the universal donor 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to substrates, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Protein tyrosine sulfation, for example, can affect protein folding, receptor binding, and pathogen interactions. Sulfation of glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfate and heparin, plays a crucial role in binding growth factors, enzymes, and structural proteins, influencing processes like coagulation, development, and wound healing.

Common examples and contexts include sulfated glycosaminoglycans—heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate—where the pattern and density of sulfate groups determine biological activity. Sulfated polysaccharides from plants and algae (such as fucoidan) are studied for their anticoagulant, antiviral, or anti-inflammatory properties. In chemistry and industry, sulfated esters serve as intermediates in synthesis and as surfactants or functional materials.

Overall, sulfated compounds are characterized by the presence of sulfate groups that confer high polarity, negative charge, and specific molecular interactions, with wide relevance in chemistry, biology, and environmental science.