Suguhormoonide

Suguhormoonide, known in English as sex hormones, are steroid hormones derived from cholesterol that regulate the development, reproduction, and health of various tissues. The main families in humans are estrogens (chiefly estradiol), androgens (chiefly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone), and progestogens (chiefly progesterone).

Most estrogens and progesterone are produced by the ovaries; testosterone is produced by the testes. The adrenal cortex contributes smaller amounts of androgens and estrogens, and during pregnancy the placenta secretes additional estrogens and progesterone. Peripheral tissues can further modify hormones, for example converting androgens to estrogens via aromatase. The hormones are synthesized from cholesterol through intermediate steps such as pregnenolone.

Functions include regulation of puberty and sexual maturation, ovulation and the menstrual cycle in females, and spermatogenesis in males, as well as the development of secondary sexual characteristics. They also influence bone density, metabolism, cardiovascular health, and brain function. Regulation is achieved mainly through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, with GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulating LH and FSH from the pituitary, and sex-specific feedback controlling production.

Clinical relevance arises from imbalances or deficiencies, which can affect development, fertility, and health. Hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and gender-affirming treatment use these hormones or their analogs. Common conditions related to suguhormoonide include hypogonadism, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and menopause, as well as congenital enzyme deficiencies such as aromatase deficiency.