Streetlamps

Streetlamps are outdoor lighting fixtures installed along streets, sidewalks, and public spaces to provide illumination for pedestrians and drivers, enhance visibility, and improve safety at night. They typically consist of a pole or mast, a luminaire housing, and an electrical connection to the local distribution network. Modern systems may include a controller, a photocell, and, in urban areas, network connectivity.

Historical street lighting began with gas lamps in the 19th century and later transitioned to electric arc lamps and incandescent luminaires. The mid-to-late 20th century saw widespread use of high-pressure sodium lamps, followed by metal halide, and, since the early 2000s, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which offer greater efficiency and longer service life.

Luminaire designs vary, but common configurations include a post-mounted arm and a weatherproof enclosure that houses the light source. Lamps may be traditional discharge lamps or solid-state LEDs. Shielding and optics are used to direct light downward and minimize glare and skyglow. Color temperature typically ranges from warm white (≈2700–3000 K) to cool white (≈4000–5000 K).

LEDs and other modern technologies have reduced energy consumption and maintenance costs, extending lamp lifetimes and enabling dimming and scheduling. Environmental considerations include minimizing light pollution through shielding, selecting appropriate color temperature, and avoiding excessive illumination in sensitive areas.

Smart streetlighting integrates sensors, wireless communication, and centralized control to adjust illumination based on ambient conditions, traffic, and occupancy. Standards and retrofitting practices guide pole spacing, mounting height, and electrical safety. Maintenance includes cleaning, lamp or luminaire replacement, and monitoring for faults.