Stimmbänderlähmungen

Stimmbandlähmungen, also known as vocal cord paralysis, occur when one or both of the vocal cords are unable to move properly. This immobility can affect voice production, breathing, and swallowing. The vocal cords are two bands of muscle tissue that stretch across the voice box, or larynx. When we speak, they vibrate, producing sound. Paralysis means these muscles are unable to contract or relax as they should.

Causes of vocal cord paralysis are varied. They can stem from damage to the nerves that control the vocal cords, most commonly the recurrent laryngeal nerve or the vagus nerve. Injury during surgery, particularly neck or chest surgery, is a significant cause. Viral infections, neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis, tumors pressing on the nerves, or even idiopathic causes where no specific reason can be identified, also contribute.

Symptoms depend on whether one or both vocal cords are affected. Unilateral paralysis, affecting one cord, often results in hoarseness, breathiness, or a weak voice. Difficulty with high-pitched sounds and vocal fatigue are also common. Bilateral paralysis, affecting both cords, can be more serious, potentially leading to significant breathing difficulties as the paralyzed cords may obstruct the airway. Swallowing problems, or dysphagia, can occur with either type of paralysis, as the vocal cords play a role in protecting the airway during swallowing.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, including a visual inspection of the vocal cords using a laryngoscope or stroboscope. Imaging tests like CT or MRI scans may be used to identify underlying causes such as tumors or nerve damage. Treatment strategies vary widely based on the cause, severity, and impact on the individual's quality of life. Options range from voice therapy to improve vocal cord function and compensation strategies, to surgical interventions aimed at repositioning the vocal cords to improve voice or airway function.