Steroide

Steroide is a term used to describe a broad class of organic compounds that share a common core structure consisting of four fused rings, typically three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring. This steroid nucleus can be modified with various side chains and functional groups, giving rise to a wide range of distinct molecules that differ in biological activity. Steroids can occur naturally in living organisms or be synthesized in the laboratory.

Natural steroids are produced in the body by the adrenal glands, gonads, and, during pregnancy, the placenta. Major families include corticosteroids (such as cortisol and aldosterone), sex steroids (androgens like testosterone, estrogens like estradiol, and progestogens like progesterone), and bile acids. Synthetic steroids are engineered for medical, industrial, or research purposes and may mimic or modify the actions of natural steroids.

Biosynthesis typically starts from cholesterol and proceeds through a series of enzymatic steps in the liver and gonads, yielding hormones that regulate metabolism, immune responses, electrolyte balance, and reproductive function. In addition to endogenous steroids, synthetic derivatives—often called anabolic steroids—are used to influence muscle growth and other traits, though they are subject to regulation and scrutiny in many countries.

Applications and regulation vary by class. Therapeutically, corticosteroids are used for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, while other steroids support hormone replacement and contraception. Non-medical use includes doping in sports and cosmetic enhancement, with potential adverse effects such as hormonal imbalance, liver and cardiovascular risks, and psychiatric symptoms. Public health and sports organizations regulate and monitor steroid use to prevent misuse.