Sterforten

Sterforten, Dutch for star forts, denote a family of fortifications distinguished by their star-shaped or polygonal outlines and projecting bastions. The design sought to improve defense against artillery by eliminating blind spots and enabling enfilading fire along the walls. The plan typically features low, sloped masonry ramparts connected by long curtain walls, with bastions at intervals; surrounding earthworks such as glacis, ditches, and moats, often accompanied by outworks such as ravelins and hornworks.

Originating in Renaissance military engineering, sterforten are part of the trace italienne tradition that emerged in Italy and spread across Europe from the 15th to the 17th centuries. The geometry allowed defenders to cover all approaches while withstanding cannon fire; their angles made attackers approach under fire from multiple directions. The Dutch Republic, along with other European powers, built extensive networks of sterforten for city defense, coastal fortifications, and colonial frontier posts. The style was later adapted or reinforced with brick or masonry, and in some cases with earthworks to absorb artillery impacts.

Today, sterforten are recognized as important cultural and historical monuments. Surviving examples can be found across the Netherlands and other parts of Europe, and in former colonies where European powers built fortifications. They are studied for insights into early modern military engineering, urban planning, and the interaction between technology and state power.