Stepes

Stepes is a term that is sometimes used as a variant spelling for steppes, the broad grassland plains of Eurasia. In standard usage, the steppe designates extensive, treeless or sparsely treed grasslands that occur in semi-arid climates between deserts and forests. The word steppe derives from the Russian степь (step), and English usage commonly distinguishes singular steppe and plural steppes; some writers occasionally encounter "stepes" as a misspelling.

Geography and climate

Steppes stretch across a large belt of Eurasia, from Eastern Europe and the Pontic-Caspian region through southern Russia and Central Asia to parts of Mongolia and northern China. They are characterized by climate that is continental and semi-arid, with low precipitation, large seasonal temperature swings, and frequent droughts. Soils are often rich and productive in the short term, but the lack of reliable rainfall limits sustained farming without irrigation.

Ecology

Vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants adapted to dry conditions, with sparse shrubs in some areas. Common plant groups include feather grasses and other Stipa-type grasses. The fauna varies by region and includes mammals such as wolves, foxes, saigas, gazelles, and various rodent species, along with diverse bird communities. Fire regimes and grazing pressure are influential in shaping steppe ecosystems.

Human interaction

Historically, steppes supported nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoral cultures, including horse-based societies that influenced regional trade and warfare. In recent centuries, many steppe zones have undergone agricultural development, settlement, and fencing, altering natural dynamics and biodiversity. Conservation efforts focus on protecting remaining native grassland and supporting sustainable land use.

Note

Stepes is not the standard spelling for the biome; steppes or steppe are preferred. The term may appear as a variant in some sources, but generally refers to the same grassland environment.