Spondylose

Spondylose, or spondylosis, is a degenerative condition of the spine characterized by wear of the intervertebral discs and facet joints, formation of osteophytes, and other degenerative changes. It commonly affects the cervical and lumbar regions and is often related to aging. Many people are asymptomatic.

Pathophysiology: With aging, discs lose height and function, increasing load on facet joints. Osteophyte formation and ligament thickening can narrow the foramina and spinal canal, potentially causing pain, stiffness, and nerve compression. Changes may occur at multiple levels.

Symptoms: Most cases are asymptomatic. When present, symptoms include neck or back pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. If nerve roots are affected, radicular pain, numbness, or weakness may occur. Cervical spondylosis can cause myelopathy or radiculopathy; lumbar disease may cause neurogenic claudication and radicular symptoms.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis combines clinical evaluation with imaging. X-rays reveal osteophytes and disc space narrowing; MRI or CT clarifies nerve compression, foraminal stenosis, and cord involvement. Blood tests are not diagnostic unless inflammatory or infectious conditions are suspected.

Treatment: Initial management is conservative, including physical therapy, analgesics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Weight management and posture support may help. Epidural injections can relieve radicular pain. Surgery, such as decompression or fusion, is considered for persistent symptoms or cord/nerve compression unresponsive to conservative care.

Prognosis and prevention: Spondylosis is a chronic process with variable progression. Symptoms may stabilize with treatment. Prevention focuses on regular exercise, good posture, smoking avoidance, and weight control to support spine health.