SpeechLanguage

Speech-language, in academic and clinical use, denotes the study and treatment of disorders of speech, language, voice, fluency, swallowing, and related communication functions. The field is commonly known as speech-language pathology and is practiced by professionals called speech-language pathologists (SLPs). The focus is on evaluation, diagnosis, and intervention to improve effective communication and safe swallowing across the lifespan.

Core areas include articulation and speech sound disorders, language development disorders (including developmental language disorder), fluency disorders such as stuttering, voice disorders, neurogenic speech and language disorders (aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia), swallowing disorders (dysphagia), cognitive-communication disorders, and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) supports.

Assessment and treatment: SLPs use screening, standardized tests, and observational methods to identify strengths and needs; they develop individualized goals and evidence-based interventions. Interventions may involve speech production therapy, language stimulation, social communication strategies, literacy support, feeding therapy, and AAC device training. Early intervention is emphasized for children; rehabilitation approaches are common after stroke, brain injury, or progressive disease.

Settings and education: SLPs work in schools, hospitals, clinics, private practices, rehabilitation centers, and research institutions. In most countries, practice requires an accredited master's degree in speech-language pathology or equivalent, supervised clinical practicum, and professional licensure or certification. Ongoing continuing education supports practice standards.

Trends: The field addresses multilingual and multicultural populations, uses telepractice and digital tools, and advances AAC technology and neuroplasticity research. Access to services and funding remain ongoing challenges in some regions.