Sparrow

Sparrow is a common name for small passerine birds in the family Passeridae, traditionally called Old World sparrows. The term is also used for some North American species now placed in the family Passerellidae, the New World sparrows. Sparrows are generally small, stocky birds with short, thick bills that feed mainly on seeds, often near human settlements. The most familiar species is the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), now found worldwide due to human introduction.

Taxonomy and diversity: Old World sparrows include Passer domesticus, Passer montanus (Eurasian tree sparrow), and related species in several genera. New World sparrows form a larger, more diverse group in Passerellidae, including song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina), and white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys).

Description and ecology: Sparrows are typically 11–16 cm long, with brown, gray, and white plumage and a stout conical bill suited to seeds. They forage on the ground or in low vegetation and may take insects, especially during breeding. They are often highly social, forming flocks outside the nesting season.

Reproduction and life cycle: Nests are built in cavities, dense shrubs, or urban structures. Clutch size usually ranges from three to five eggs, with both parents often involved in incubation and feeding the young. Some species are resident, while others undertake short migrations depending on location and season.

Status and human interactions: Sparrows are among the most widespread and familiar birds. While many species remain common, some populations have declined locally due to habitat loss or competition with introduced species, including the house sparrow in certain regions.