Solidjuhtmed

Solidjuhtmed are materials that conduct electricity while in the solid state. The term covers a broad range of substances, including metals, semiconductors, and certain solid ionic conductors known as solid electrolytes. In solids, charge transport can occur via electrons and holes (electronic conduction) or, in ionic solids, via the movement of ions. Metals such as copper and aluminum exhibit high electronic conductivity due to a sea of delocalized electrons. Semiconductors like silicon and gallium arsenide have conductivities that can be tuned by dopants and temperature. Ionic solids conduct electricity primarily through ions, typically at elevated temperatures or when engineered with defects and dopants; examples include oxide, sulfide, and phosphate electrolytes such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO).

Properties of solid conductors vary widely. Electronic conductors generally show high conductivity with a relatively weak temperature dependence, while semiconductors display strong temperature and impurity dependence. Ionic solids require sufficient ionic mobility, which depends on crystal structure, defects, grain boundaries, and chemical stability. Mechanical properties, stability in air or moisture, and compatibility with electrodes strongly influence device performance.

Applications of solidjuhtmed span electronics, energy, and sensing. Metals and semiconductors form the backbone of electronic circuits, diodes, and photovoltaic devices. Solid electrolytes enable solid-state batteries and safe electrochemical cells, reduce leakage risks, and open prospects for compact, durable power sources. Ionic and mixed conductors are also used in sensors, fuel cells, and electrochromic devices.

Research on solidjuhtmed focuses on increasing ionic and electronic conductivities at room temperature, improving interfacial compatibility, enhancing mechanical integrity, and developing scalable synthesis methods.