Smältskärning

Smältskärning is a term used in Swedish technical literature to refer to a class of cutting processes in which a localized heat source raises the workpiece to its melting point along a predefined path, causing the material to flow and separate. The concept is described as a fusion or melting-based cutting method, in contrast to purely mechanical or abrasive approaches.

The basic mechanism involves simultaneous heating and removal of molten material to form a kerf along the cut line. An assist gas, fluid jet, or rapid cooling helps expel or prevent re-solidification of the melt and minimizes deformation of the surrounding material. The process typically produces a narrow, smooth edge when conditions are well controlled.

Common embodiments include laser-based melting cutting, plasma-assisted melting cutting, and flame- or arc-assisted melting cutting. The method is often favored for thin sections of metals and for certain plastics, glass, and ceramics where precise control of the molten pool yields a clean edge. Material and process parameters—such as power, travel speed, and heat input—govern kerf width, recast layers, and the extent of the heat-affected zone.

Advantages of smältskärning include high precision, strong edge quality, and reduced mechanical forces on the part. Limitations involve high energy consumption, the potential for thermal damage in the surrounding material, and the need for effective removal of molten material and fumes. It is commonly discussed alongside other thermal cutting methods such as laser cutting, plasma cutting, and oxy-fuel cutting.