Smadregulation
Smad regulation refers to the control of Smad signaling, the intracellular relay of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family signals. Core components are receptor-regulated Smads (R-SMADs: SMAD2/3 and SMAD1/5/8), SMAD4, and inhibitory SMADs (SMAD6/7).
Activation begins when TGF-β family ligands bind type II receptors, which recruit and phosphorylate type I receptors.
Regulation occurs at multiple levels: receptor availability and endocytosis influence signal initiation; ubiquitin ligases such as
Pathway crosstalk occurs with other signaling cascades such as MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and Wnt, modulating Smad signaling
Biological roles include development, tissue homeostasis, and immune regulation. Dysregulation is linked to fibrosis, cancer progression,