Ski

Skis are narrow, elongated boards worn on the feet to glide over snow. A ski is typically made of wood or composite materials, with a curved shape underfoot, steel edges for grip, and a binding that attaches a boot to the ski. Poles assist with balance, rhythm, and propulsion.

History and scope: Evidence of skiing dates back thousands of years in regions such as Scandinavia, Siberia, and the broader Arctic. Early skis were simple and long; advances in materials, binding systems, and shaping led to modern performance skis. In the 19th and 20th centuries, skiing evolved from a means of winter travel to a competitive sport, aided by national associations and the International Ski Federation (FIS). Skiing entered the Winter Olympics in 1924 and has since become a global activity.

Disciplines and styles: Modern skiing comprises several disciplines. Alpine skiing emphasizes speed and turning on groomed slopes, with events including downhill, slalom, giant slalom, and Super-G. Nordic skiing covers cross-country races and ski jumping, with the Nordic combined event pairing both. Freestyle includes moguls, aerials, halfpipe, and slopestyle. Telemark describes a style with a flexible, released heel binding. Backcountry and ski mountaineering involve touring and climbing in ungroomed terrain with skiing descents.

Techniques and safety: Techniques vary by discipline but commonly involve carving turns, maintaining balance, and controlling speed. Safety considerations include helmet use, avalanche awareness, and terrain and weather assessment. In backcountry settings, avalanche safety gear such as beacons, probes, and shovels is commonly carried.

Venues and governance: Skiing occurs at commercial resort complexes with lifts and patrols, as well as in backcountry and cross-country networks. The sport is overseen worldwide by national associations under the FIS.