SinoJapanese

Sino-Japanese refers to the relationship between China and Japan, covering political, economic, cultural, and social interaction across history. The term is also used in linguistics to describe features shared by both languages that arise from Chinese influence, especially the presence of Chinese-origin vocabulary in Japanese known as kango and the use of Chinese characters (kanji) with Chinese readings (on'yomi).

Historical contact stretches back centuries: Japan adopted the Chinese writing system in the 5th–6th centuries, translating Buddhist and classical texts; Chinese institutions and Confucianism influenced governance and culture. From the medieval period through the early modern era there were periodic exchanges, trade, and conflicts. The 19th and early 20th centuries saw rapid modernization in Japan and military confrontations such as the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95). After World War II, China and Japan underwent reform and reconciliation, culminating in the normalization of diplomatic relations in 1972, followed by extensive economic ties.

In linguistics, Sino-Japanese influence is seen in the large proportion of Japanese vocabulary of Chinese origin (kango), especially in formal, academic, and government language, and in the on'yomi readings of kanji. Chinese literary and philosophical works significantly shaped early Japanese literature and education, while Japan also contributed to cross-cultural exchange (mathematics, science, arts) through translations and curricula.

Today, Sino-Japanese relations are characterized by strong economic interdependence, high-volume trade, investment, and people-to-people exchange, tempered by historical and territorial disputes and ongoing efforts at bilateral diplomacy, regional cooperation, and cultural exchange.