Serumi

Serumi, in biology and medicine commonly called serum, is the pale yellow, clear liquid that remains after blood has clotted and the clot is removed. It contains no blood cells or clotting factors, but it carries proteins such as albumin and antibodies, as well as electrolytes, hormones, nutrients, and waste products. Serum differs from plasma, the liquid component of blood that still contains clotting factors.

In medical diagnostics, serum is widely used for serology and laboratory analyses because it contains antibodies and other biomarkers. It is used to assess immune status, detect infections, and measure hormone levels, enzymes, and drugs. Immune serum, obtained from individuals or animals with specific antibodies, can be used for passive immunity in certain treatments, such as antitoxins or venom antivenoms.

In cosmetics and consumer health, the term serum refers to a concentrated topical formulation that delivers active ingredients to the skin. These products have a lightweight texture and are designed to be applied after cleansing and before moisturizer, targeting issues such as hydration, pigmentation, or aging.

Handling and storage may vary; clinical serum is often separated by centrifugation and stored refrigerated or frozen to preserve integrity. Laboratory use follows biosafety guidelines and standardized procedures.