Serologia

Serologia, derived from the Greek words *serum* (serum) and *logos* (study), refers to the branch of immunology that focuses on the detection and analysis of antibodies and antigens in blood serum or other biological fluids. This diagnostic technique plays a crucial role in medical diagnostics, research, and public health by identifying immune responses to infections, diseases, or vaccines.

The primary method used in serology is the serological test, which typically involves mixing the patient’s serum with known antigens to observe the formation of immune complexes. Common serological assays include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, immunofluorescence, and agglutination tests. These techniques help differentiate between acute and chronic infections, assess vaccine efficacy, and monitor immune status in individuals.

Serology is particularly valuable in diagnosing conditions such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, syphilis, Lyme disease, and autoimmune disorders. For example, antibody tests can confirm past infections even when symptoms have resolved, while antigen tests may detect active infections. Additionally, serological studies contribute to epidemiological research by tracking the spread of diseases and evaluating vaccine-induced immunity.

Limitations of serology include potential false positives or negatives due to cross-reactivity, immune tolerance, or variations in antibody levels. Proper interpretation requires clinical correlation with patient history and symptoms. Advances in molecular biology and automation have enhanced serological methods, improving accuracy and efficiency in clinical settings. Overall, serologia remains an essential tool in healthcare, bridging the gap between molecular diagnostics and clinical decision-making.