Sequelae

Sequelae are conditions that remain or develop as a consequence of a previous disease, injury, or medical treatment. They persist after the acute illness or event has resolved and may be temporary, long-lasting, or permanent. The term emphasizes a follow-on effect rather than the immediate symptoms experienced during the active phase of illness.

Sequelae differ from complications. Complications are adverse events that occur during the course of a disease or procedure and may or may not persist, whereas sequelae are aftereffects that continue after the initial illness or injury has ended. Some sequelae can appear soon after a recovery, while others develop months or years later.

Common types of sequelae span physical, neurological, cognitive, sensory, and psychological domains. Examples include motor or sensory impairments after stroke or polio, scarring or contractures after burns, chronic joint pain after injury, and hearing loss after meningitis. Cognitive or behavioral changes can follow brain injury or encephalitis, and psychological sequelae can occur after severe illness. The severity and duration of sequelae vary widely among individuals.

Prevention and management focus on reducing risk, early treatment of the primary condition, and rehabilitation. Management may involve physical therapy, occupational therapy, assistive devices, speech and language therapy, medical treatment for symptoms, and social support. Understanding sequelae helps inform prognosis, long-term care planning, and resource allocation for patients recovering from significant illnesses or injuries.