Seminole

The Seminole are a Native American people who traditionally inhabit southeastern Florida and parts of the southwestern United States. Their ancestry can be traced to several southeastern tribes, including the Muscogee (Creek) and Timucua peoples, who migrated into Florida in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The Seminole name, meaning “to stand alone,” reflects the community’s resistance to colonial encroachment. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Seminole formed alliances with British colonists and later with French traders, while also maintaining alliances with other indigenous groups such as the Creek and the Cherokee. The United States launched a series of military campaigns against the Seminole, known as the Seminole Wars (1817–1858), which resulted in the forced removal of many members to Indian Territory (present‑day Oklahoma).

Culturally, the Seminole developed a unique blend of tribal practices, incorporating elements from their Creek origins with new social customs shaped by environment and European contact. They traditionally lived in raised, hammock‑style homes, hunted by foot, and utilized the abundant wildlife and flora of Florida. The Seminole language is part of the Muskogean language family and, although endangered, is still spoken by a small number of community members. Spiritual life traditionally involved ceremonies tied to the cycles of nature, including the use of sweetgrass and ceremonial dances. Artisanship among the Seminole includes shell jewelry, basket weaving, and pottery, many of which have been adapted for contemporary markets.

Today, there are three federally recognized Seminole tribes: the Seminole Nation of Florida, the Miccosukee Tribe, and the Seminole Indian Hospital. Together, they maintain a population of over 20,000 individuals. The tribes govern themselves through elected councils and legal entities, manage natural resources, and promote cultural preservation. They continue to advocate for sovereignty issues, education, economic development, and the restoration of historic lands. Recognition of their distinct cultural identity helps to sustain their presence in the broader tapestry of United States indigenous communities.