SelfIdentity

Self-identity refers to the internal, evolving sense of who a person is. It encompasses core beliefs, values, personality traits, memories, and the roles one occupies in life. It provides a sense of continuity, influences choices and behavior, and shapes how individuals present themselves in social contexts.

Identity is commonly described as consisting of personal identity and social identity. Personal identity covers private attributes such as beliefs and temperament, while social identity derives from group memberships—such as gender, ethnicity, nationality, and profession—and the roles and norms attached to those groups.

Development occurs across the life course and is influenced by family, culture, education, relationships, and life events. Some aspects are relatively stable, while others change with new experiences, trauma, or shifts in status. Narrative identity—the story one tells about oneself—helps integrate experiences into a coherent sense of self.

The study of self-identity draws on psychology, philosophy, and sociology. Theories include Erikson’s stages of development, self-perception theory, and social identity theory. Philosophical discussions focus on personal identity over time: what keeps a person the same despite memory and body changes.

Identity has implications for well-being, belonging, and social interaction. It can be a source of resilience or conflict, especially where personal and social identities align or collide. Distinctions exist between self-identity (the ongoing sense of self) and social identity (group-based self-concepts).