Sandan

Sandan (三段) is a term used in several Japanese martial arts to designate the third dan, or third-degree black belt. The word combines san, meaning three, and dan, meaning rank or degree. In dan rankings, sandan follows shodan (first dan) and nidan (second dan) and signals an established level of competence and experience.

Promotion to sandan typically follows continued training after achieving the previous ranks. Requirements vary by organization but commonly include a minimum period of time in rank, demonstration of technical proficiency in kihon and kata or forms, sparring ability, and sometimes theory questions. Most schools use a formal examination or panel interview conducted by senior instructors to assess readiness for the rank.

In many traditions, all dan ranks beyond shodan are indicated with a black belt, with stripes or other insignia used to distinguish the specific dan level within the black belt. The exact insignia and the privileges associated with sandan—such as teaching eligibility, judging, or leadership roles—also vary by style and federation.

Sandan is most widely used in Japanese-derived martial arts such as karate, judo, kendo, and aikido. Because of differing governing bodies and regional variations, the precise criteria for sandan are not standardized, and terms and expectations can differ between schools.