SVCszindróma

SVCszindróma, also known as Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, is a medical condition characterized by the obstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC), a large vein that carries blood from the upper body—including the head, neck, arms, and upper chest—to the heart. The syndrome results from various causes that lead to narrowing or occlusion of the SVC.

Common etiologies include malignant tumors such as lung cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and metastatic cancers, which can externally compress or invade the vessel. Non-malignant causes include thrombosis, infections, or benign tumors. The obstruction impairs venous drainage from the upper body, causing a buildup of blood and increased venous pressure.

Clinical manifestations typically develop gradually and include swelling of the face, neck, and upper limbs, along with visible distended superficial veins on the chest and neck. Patients may also experience facial fullness, shortness of breath, cough, dysphagia, or symptoms of increased intracranial pressure such as headaches and dizziness. In severe cases, airway compromise or neurological symptoms can occur.

Diagnosis involves clinical assessment supported by imaging techniques such as contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify the location and cause of the obstruction. Venography may be employed in some cases.

Treatment aims to relieve the obstruction and address underlying causes. Interventions may include radiation therapy for malignant tumors, chemotherapy, anticoagulation for thrombosis, or endovascular procedures such as stenting. In emergent situations, corticosteroids and supportive care are also utilized.

Prognosis depends on the underlying cause and response to treatment. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent severe complications and improve patient outcomes.