Rétrothyroïdiennes

Rétrothyroïdiennes refers to a rare anatomical variation where the parathyroid glands are located posterior to the thyroid gland, rather than in their typical position, which is often within or adjacent to the thyroid capsule. These glands are crucial for calcium homeostasis, primarily by regulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. The typical location of the parathyroid glands is an important consideration during surgical procedures, particularly thyroidectomies, to avoid inadvertent removal or damage.

The discovery of parathyroid glands posterior to the thyroid can be incidental during neck surgery or imaging studies. While their position is unusual, their function is generally considered to be the same as orthotopic parathyroid glands. The embryological development of these glands can explain their varied locations. They arise from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches and their descent through the neck can lead to variations in their final resting place.

Variations in parathyroid gland location, including retrothyroidal positions, are not inherently pathological but are significant from a surgical perspective. Surgeons must be aware of these possibilities to ensure meticulous dissection and preservation of these vital endocrine glands. Post-operative complications such as hypoparathyroidism can arise if these glands are missed or damaged during surgery, leading to a decrease in PTH levels and subsequent hypocalcemia. Awareness and careful surgical technique are paramount in managing patients with potential retrothyroidal parathyroid glands.