Retinopatías

Retinopatías refer to a group of diseases affecting the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. These conditions can cause damage to the blood vessels or the nerve cells within the retina, leading to vision impairment. The causes of retinopathies are diverse and can include diabetes, hypertension, premature birth, genetic factors, and certain inflammatory or infectious diseases.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common forms, arising from complications of diabetes mellitus. High blood sugar levels over time can damage the small blood vessels in the retina, causing them to leak fluid or bleed, or leading to the growth of abnormal new blood vessels. This can result in blurred vision, floaters, or even significant vision loss. Hypertensive retinopathy is another prevalent type, caused by persistently high blood pressure that damages retinal blood vessels. Symptoms can include headaches, blurred vision, and bleeding in the eye.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) affects infants born prematurely. Their retinal blood vessels may not develop fully, leading to abnormal growth and potential retinal detachment. Other types of retinopathies include those caused by genetic mutations, such as retinitis pigmentosa, which leads to progressive degeneration of photoreceptor cells. Some retinopathies are also associated with systemic conditions like sickle cell disease or autoimmune disorders.

Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including dilated fundus examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography. Treatment strategies vary depending on the specific type and severity of the retinopathy and may include laser photocoagulation, injections of anti-VEGF medications, or surgery to address complications like retinal detachment. Early detection and management are crucial for preserving vision.