ROVs

ROVs, or remotely operated vehicles, are unmanned underwater vehicles controlled from a surface vessel or facility. They are tethered by an umbilical that supplies power and data, allowing real-time control, navigation, and sensor feedback. Unlike autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), which operate without a constant surface link, ROVs rely on a human operator for decision making and tool use in many tasks.

Most ROVs fall into three classes: observation-class (light, basic cameras and lights), work-class (manipulators and heavier payloads for intervention), and heavy-duty/inspection-class (advanced tools and higher payload capacity). A typical system includes a hull or frame, thrusters for six-degree-of-freedom movement, a tether management system, an umbilical, and a surface control station. Payloads commonly include cameras, lighting, sonar, measurement lasers, and robotic arms or specialized tools.

ROVs are used across industries and research. In offshore energy they inspect and intervene on pipelines and platforms, support subsea construction, and perform sampling in scientific expeditions. Military and public-safety teams use ROVs for reconnaissance and ordnance disposal. Their depth capability and ability to operate in hazardous conditions reduce risk to divers, but require specialized maintenance, trained operators, and surface support; they also face tether management and cost challenges.

ROVs originated in the 1960s, evolving from military and academic experiments into essential tools for industry, science, and defense.