Püsikatetrid

Püsikatetrid, also known as permanent magnets, are materials that are magnetized and retain their magnetic properties indefinitely, without the need for an external magnetic field. This makes them distinct from temporary magnets, which lose their magnetization when the external field is removed.

Püsikatetrid are typically made from ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, or their alloys. The most common types of permanent magnets are neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets, which are characterized by their high remanence, coercivity, and energy product. Other types include samarium-cobalt (SmCo) magnets, which are known for their high coercivity, and alnico magnets, which are made from aluminum, nickel, and cobalt.

Püsikatetrid are used in a wide range of applications due to their ability to generate a strong magnetic field with a small volume of material. These include electric motors, generators, loudspeakers, magnetic recording media, and magnetic separation. In recent years, püsikatetrid have also gained attention for their use in renewable energy technologies, such as wind turbines and electric vehicles.

The magnetic properties of püsikatetrid are typically measured using the BH curve, which plots the magnetic flux density (B) against the magnetic field strength (H). The area under this curve represents the energy product, which is a measure of the magnet's ability to do work. The magnetic field strength at which the magnetization reverses is known as the coercivity, while the magnetic flux density at zero applied field is known as the remanence.

Despite their advantages, püsikatetrid also have some limitations. They can be demagnetized by strong external magnetic fields, mechanical stress, or high temperatures. Additionally, the production of püsikatetrid can have environmental impacts, due to the use of rare earth elements. However, ongoing research is focused on developing new materials and production methods to address these challenges.