Põhiseadus

Põhiseadus is the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia, the supreme law that defines the structure of the state, the rights of its citizens, and the limits of governmental power. It was adopted on 28 June 1992 by the Supreme Council of Estonia and entered into force on 3 July 1992, replacing the 1938 constitution as Estonia re-established its independence after the Soviet era. The document frames Estonia as a sovereign, democratic, legal state and sets the basis for Estonia’s relations with international organizations and other states.

The constitution establishes a parliamentary republic. Legislative power is vested in a unicameral Riigikogu with 101 members elected for four-year terms. The executive branch is formed by the Government, headed by the Prime Minister, which is responsible to the Riigikogu. The President of Estonia, elected for a five-year term, holds largely ceremonial duties with specific constitutional powers, such as representing the country and acting in certain extraordinary situations. Judicial independence is guaranteed, with the Supreme Court as the highest court in the land. Local self-government is recognized, allowing municipalities to manage local affairs within the framework of national law.

Fundamental rights and democratic principles are central to the Põhiseadus. It protects civil liberties including freedom of expression, assembly, religion, and association; ensures equality before the law, property rights, and a fair trial. It also enshrines the official status of the Estonian language and establishes the rule of law, human dignity, and the limits of governmental authority. The constitution provides for its amendment through a special procedure, often requiring supermajorities in the Riigikogu and, in some cases, a referendum, reflecting Estonia’s commitment to stable constitutional governance and democratic legitimacy.