Punertavina

Punertavina is a historical mineral pigment once used in European painting. It is described as a dark violet to brown pigment, with a reddish undertone when dispersed in oil and a tendency to shift hue under different light conditions. In conservation literature it is treated as a pigment of limited but notable longevity.

The pigment is believed to have originated in the Ligurian Alps and was produced by processing manganese oxide minerals with plant ashes and resin binders. Its name is thought to derive from an old Italian term meaning "dark point," though the precise etymology is uncertain and may reflect workshop nicknames rather than a universal standard.

Punertavina has a fine to medium grind and yields a rich color that can darken with strong light exposure. It behaves well in oil media, forming a stable film but can impart a slightly granular texture if not finely ground. It is moderately lightfast relative to some contemporaries.

The pigment appears in a small corpus of European oil paintings dating from the 15th to the 17th century, often in shadowed areas or drapery. It was less common than the mainstay pigments of the period and sometimes replaced more toxic alternatives.

In modern conservation, punertavina is studied through spectroscopy and microscopy to assess its composition and aging. It is cataloged in pigment databases as a historical pigment of interest for attribution and restoration projects.

The name punertavina is applied by some scholars and conservators as a descriptive label rather than an established botanical or mineral name; its exact origin remains debated.