Prostituution

Prostitution, or sex work, is the exchange of sexual services for money or goods. It covers a range of arrangements, including street-based work, brothels, massage venues, escort services, and online platforms. While some participants view it as voluntary labor, prostitution has also been associated with coercion, exploitation, and trafficking. Distinguishing voluntary sex work from forced labor or coercion is a central concern of policy makers and human rights organizations.

Legal status of prostitution varies widely by country and region. Some jurisdictions criminalize the exchange itself, others legalize and regulate prostitution through licensing and mandated health and safety measures, and some pursue decriminalization to remove criminal penalties for sex workers. The Nordic model criminalizes buyers while leaving sellers relatively unpenalized, a policy that remains controversial. In contrast, places such as New Zealand have decriminalized sex work, and Nevada allows licensed prostitution in designated counties; many other areas maintain full illegality.

Health and safety considerations include the risk of violence, stigma, and exposure to sexually transmitted infections. Access to healthcare, confidential services, and labor protections varies widely. Advocates for reform argue that decriminalization or regulated frameworks improve safety, reduce harm, and enable workers to obtain protections, while opponents raise concerns about exploitation or trafficking.

Policy debates often center on trafficking and exploitation versus worker autonomy. Human rights perspectives emphasize reduction of harm and protection of workers’ rights, including labor standards and migration considerations. International guidance generally supports measures to prevent coercion and to protect those who choose to work in sex trades through health services, legal protections, and avenues for reporting abuse.