Propolis

Propolis, also known as bee glue, is a resinous material produced by honey bees from plant resins collected from buds, bark, and other sources. Bees mix these resins with beeswax and enzymes and apply the compound to the interior surfaces of the hive, seal cracks, and create a barrier against pathogens. It helps defend the colony by reducing microbial contamination and stabilizing the hive environment.

The composition of propolis varies with the plants available to the bees. It typically contains polyphenols such as flavonoids (including pinocembrin and galangin), phenolic acids (such as caffeic and ferulic acids), terpenes, waxes, and essential oils. Depending on the flora, propolis can appear dark brown, reddish, or greenish in color. Its biological activity largely stems from these bioactive constituents.

In the hive, propolis serves antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral roles, helping to limit infections and preserve brood health. It also contributes to hive integrity by sealing openings and reducing vibration and temperature fluctuations.

In human use, propolis is available as dietary supplements, tinctures, ointments, lozenges, and mouthwashes. Some studies report anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing effects, and it is popular in traditional medicine. However, high-quality clinical evidence is variable and often limited, and propolis should not replace proven medical treatments.

Safety considerations include the risk of allergic reactions, particularly in individuals with sensitivities to bee products. Product quality and contaminant levels can vary, and propolis can interact with certain medications. Regulation and standardization differ by country, emphasizing the need for qualified guidance when used therapeutically.