Proklos

Proklos, also known as Proclus Lycaeus, was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher who lived roughly from 412 to 485 CE. He became a leading figure of late antique Platonism and led the Platonic Academy in Athens for several decades, succeeding his teacher Syrianus.

Philosophically, Proklos sought to systematize and defend Platonism within a coherent metaphysical framework. He developed a hierarchical cosmos rooted in three fundamental hypostases: the One (the Good), Nous (the Intellect), and the World Soul. From these unity and intelligible principles flow emanations that structure reality, including subordinate intellects, the soul of the world, individual souls, and the material realm. He also emphasized theurgy, the practice of ritual and rites intended to unite the soul with the divine. His synthesis drew on Platonic philosophy, as well as Egyptian and other religious traditions, creating a distinctly syncretic Neoplatonism.

Proklos wrote extensively, and his major works include the Elements of Theology, a compact system of Neoplatonic doctrine; the Platonic Theology, a long, sweeping synthesis of philosophy and theology; and numerous commentaries on Plato's dialogues such as the Parmenides, Timaeus, and Republic. Through these writings, he preserved and expanded late antique Platonism and reinforced the connection between philosophical inquiry and religious practice.

Impact and legacy: Proklos had a lasting influence on later Neoplatonism, Islamic philosophy, and medieval Christian thought. His commentaries and theoretical works helped transmit a highly developed Platonist framework to successors in both the Eastern and Western traditions, making him a pivotal bridge between ancient philosophy and medieval scholastic and mystical currents. He is often regarded as the last major representative of ancient Platonism.