Prohormones

Prohormones are chemical compounds that serve as precursors to hormones. In endocrinology, a prohormone is an inactive or less active molecule that is converted within the body by enzymatic processes into an active hormone. This conversion can occur in various tissues and can determine the tissue specificity and timing of hormonal effects. Endogenous examples include DHEA, which can be converted to androgens and estrogens, while synthetic prohormones are manufactured to produce targeted hormonal activity.

In the context of dietary supplements and athletic performance, the term prohormones often refers to synthetic compounds marketed as legal alternatives to anabolic steroids. These compounds are sculpted to be converted into active anabolic steroids or testosterone in the body. The extent and sites of conversion vary among individuals, and results are inconsistent. Regulatory and safety concerns have led to changes in the availability of many such products.

Safety and regulation: Potential adverse effects include disruption of natural hormone production, mood changes, acne, hair loss, gynecomastia, liver injury, and cardiovascular risks. Because prohormones alter hormonal balance, they may interact with medications and medical conditions. In the United States, the federal Prohormone Control Act of 2004 restricted or banned many synthetic prohormones, triggering recalls and reformulations. Some remained legal in certain forms or in other jurisdictions under dietary supplement or pharmaceutical regulation.

Overall, prohormones refer to precursors to active hormones, with applications and risks varying by compound. They are not universally safe or effective and should be approached with caution, ideally under medical supervision.