Polyolien

Polyolien, or polyols, are organic compounds containing two or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups per molecule. This high density of reactive sites makes polyols versatile building blocks in chemistry, especially for producing polyurethanes when they react with di- or polyisocyanates. Polyols can be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or aromatic and may be derived from petroleum or renewable sources, such as sugars or fats.

Common examples include glycerol (a triol); propylene glycol (a diol); and sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol. Sugar alcohols are often produced by hydrogenating aldose or ketose sugars and are widely used as low- or reduced-calorie sweeteners and humectants in food and cosmetics. Industrially, polyols for polyurethanes are synthesized by methods such as the alkoxylation of starter polyols or by direct polyol production from fats, oils, or petrochemical feedstocks.

Applications of polyolien span several sectors. In polymers and materials, they are key precursors for polyurethane foams, coatings, elastomers, adhesives, and sealants. In the food and pharmaceutical industries, sugar alcohols serve as sweeteners and stabilizers, with sorbitol and xylitol among the most common examples. In biotechnology and cosmetics, polyols function as humectants, solvents, and stabilizers.

Safety and environmental notes vary by substance. Many sugar alcohols are considered safe in normal dietary amounts, but excessive intake can cause digestive issues; xylitol is notably toxic to dogs. Polyol production and use also involve typical industrial considerations such as catalyst choice, supply chain sustainability, and end-of-life management.