Polvi

Polvi is the Finnish word for the knee, the joint that connects the thigh to the lower leg. In humans, the knee is a complex hinge joint that supports much of the body's weight during standing and locomotion. It is stabilized by ligaments and muscles and protected by a joint capsule, cartilage, and synovial fluid.

Anatomy and components

The knee involves three bones: femur, tibia, and the patella. The ends of these bones are covered with articular cartilage. Between the bones lie the menisci, two wedge-shaped discs that cushion the joint. The major ligaments are the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). Muscles around the knee, notably the quadriceps and hamstrings, provide movement and stability.

Function

The knee allows flexion and extension of the leg, with limited rotation when bent. It bears weight, absorbs shocks from walking and running, and works in concert with surrounding muscles to stabilize the leg during movement.

Common conditions

Knee problems include injuries from sports or trauma, such as ACL or meniscal tears and patellar dislocations, as well as degenerative conditions like osteoarthritis. Tendinopathy and bursitis are additional causes of knee pain or dysfunction.

Diagnosis and treatment

Evaluation typically combines physical examination with imaging, such as X-ray or MRI. Management ranges from rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) and physical therapy to bracing or surgical options, including arthroscopy and ligament reconstruction, depending on the specific condition and its severity. Prognosis varies by injury, age, and treatment approach.