Polineuropatías

Polineuropatías refer to a group of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system, specifically multiple peripheral nerves. This widespread damage leads to a variety of symptoms that typically manifest symmetrically, often starting in the feet and hands and progressing upwards. The most common symptoms include sensory disturbances such as numbness, tingling, burning sensations, and pain. Motor deficits can also occur, leading to muscle weakness, cramps, and in severe cases, paralysis. Autonomic dysfunction, affecting involuntary bodily functions like blood pressure regulation, digestion, and bladder control, is also a possible manifestation.

The causes of polyneuropathies are diverse and can be broadly categorized. Metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, are a very frequent underlying cause, leading to diabetic polyneuropathy. Autoimmune conditions, where the body's immune system attacks its own peripheral nerves, are another significant category, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Toxic exposures, including certain medications, alcohol, and heavy metals, can also damage peripheral nerves. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly of vitamins B1, B6, B12, and E, are implicated in some cases. Genetic factors can also predispose individuals to certain types of polyneuropathy.

Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, a comprehensive neurological examination, and often specific tests. These may include nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG) to assess nerve and muscle function, blood tests to identify underlying causes like diabetes or vitamin deficiencies, and sometimes a nerve biopsy. Treatment strategies are tailored to the underlying cause and aim to manage symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve quality of life. This can involve addressing metabolic imbalances, immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune causes, detoxification, nutritional supplementation, and pain management.