Pneumatik

Pneumatik, also known as pneumatics, is the branch of engineering and technology that uses compressed air or other gases to generate, transmit, and control mechanical work. Pneumatic systems are widely used in manufacturing, automation, tools, and process industries due to their simplicity, safety, and robustness.

A typical pneumatic system consists of a compressor or air supply, a receiver or tank, air treatment components (filters, water separators, dryers), pressure regulation (regulators and unloader valves), a network of tubing or hoses, and control elements such as valves and actuators. Actuators include linear cylinders and rotary motors that convert air pressure into motion, while directional control valves determine the movement.

The operating principle is that compressed air expands when released through a valve or orifice, performing work on a piston or rotor. Because air is compressible, pneumatic motion can be fast and forgiving, with simple, smooth operation, but it is also less precise and energy-dense than hydraulics. Typical system pressures range from a few bar up to around 8–10 bar, depending on the application. Dry air and lubrication (in oilable systems) help prevent corrosion and wear.

Common applications include automation lines, pick-and-place equipment, packaging machines, clamping devices, and pneumatic tools. Advantages include low cost, clean operation, intrinsic safety in flammable environments, and straightforward maintenance. Limitations include energy losses from leaks, noise, limited force at long strokes, and sensitivity to temperature and moisture. Proper design emphasizes filtration, moisture removal, leak prevention, and regular maintenance.