Pleuriit

Pleuriit, or pleuritis, is inflammation of the pleura, the two-layered serous membranes surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity. When the pleural surfaces become inflamed, they can rub together during breathing, causing sharp chest pain that worsens with deep breaths, coughing, or sneezing. A pleural friction rub may be heard on examination.

Common symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Fever and a dry cough may occur, depending on the underlying cause. In some cases, pleural effusion, the accumulation of fluid, develops.

Causes are diverse and include infections such as pneumonia or tuberculosis, autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, pulmonary embolism, cancer, chest trauma, and certain medications. In many situations, no single cause is identified.

Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, imaging, and, if fluid is present, analysis of pleural fluid obtained by thoracentesis. Chest X-ray, ultrasound, and CT scanning help assess the lungs and pleura. Blood tests may aid in identifying infection or autoimmune disease.

Treatment targets the underlying cause and pain relief. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or acetaminophen are commonly used for pain. Antibiotics or antivirals are given when infection is suspected or proven. Procedures to drain pleural fluid or treat significant effusions may be necessary.

Prognosis depends on the cause and overall health. Many cases resolve with treatment, but pleuritis can recur, particularly with chronic autoimmune disease or cancer.