Platinumgroup
Platinum group metals (PGMs) are six metallic elements: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. They share several physical and chemical properties, including high melting points, high densities, hardness and wear resistance, and strong resistance to corrosion. They are prized for their catalytic activity and are often found together in mineral deposits, typically in sulfide ores associated with nickel and copper mining or in layered mafic intrusions such as the Bushveld Complex in South Africa and Norilsk in Russia.
Most PGMs are produced as byproducts of nickel and copper mining, reflecting the geologic association with
Applications of PGMs are diverse. They are essential catalysts in automotive catalytic converters, petroleum refining, and