Pinecones

Pinecones are the reproductive structures of conifers. Most conifers produce two types: seed cones (female) and pollen cones (male). Seed cones develop on the ends of twigs and, as they mature, protect the seeds inside modified scales.

The mature seed cone is typically woody and comes with a set of scales arranged in a spiral. Each scale bears two seeds, one on each side; seeds often have wings to aid wind dispersal. Male cones are smaller, shorter-lived, and shed pollen.

Pollination is wind-driven. After fertilization, seeds develop within the cone over one or more seasons. When seeds are ready, the scales separate to release them, sometimes over a long period. In some species, cones are serotinous and only open in response to heat, such as after a wildfire.

Cones contribute to forest ecology: they provide food for birds and small mammals; seeds can sprout to regenerate forests after disturbance; serotiny helps post-fire regeneration. The distribution: found in most temperate and boreal conifer forests across the Northern Hemisphere, with some species in the Southern Hemisphere.

Humans use cones for decorative purposes; pine nuts are edible seeds from certain pines; cones are examined in forestry and horticulture; some products derive from pine resins.