PilocarpinIodStärkeTest

Pilocarpine is a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the leaves of the South American plant *Pilocarpus jaborandi* and related species such as *Pilocarpus pennatifolius*. It is primarily used in medicine for its parasympathomimetic properties, meaning it stimulates certain nerve pathways in the body. The compound was first isolated in 1875 by German chemist Richard Willstätter and has since become a key pharmaceutical agent.

Pilocarpine functions as a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, mimicking the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This action leads to increased secretion of fluids, including saliva, sweat, and tears, as well as constriction of the pupil (miosis) and contraction of smooth muscles, such as those in the eye and gastrointestinal tract. Its most common medical application is in the treatment of glaucoma, where it helps reduce intraocular pressure by enhancing aqueous humor outflow.

The compound is often marketed in the form of pilocarpine hydrochloride or pilocarpine nitrate, with the latter being more stable and commonly used in ophthalmic solutions. It is administered topically for eye conditions or orally for systemic effects, though oral use is less common due to side effects like excessive sweating, nausea, and abdominal cramps. Pilocarpine is also used in the management of dry mouth (xerostomia), particularly in patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancers.

While generally effective, pilocarpine can cause adverse reactions, including bradycardia (slow heart rate), bronchoconstriction, and blurred vision. Contraindications include asthma, peptic ulcers, and certain cardiac conditions. Due to its strong pharmacological effects, pilocarpine is typically prescribed under medical supervision. Synthetic analogs and derivatives of pilocarpine continue to be explored for potential therapeutic applications in neurology and ophthalmology.