Pikephalanx

Pikephalanx is a military formation in which infantry fighters operate in dense, shielded ranks armed with long spears, or pikes. The term is most closely associated with the Macedonian phalanx developed under Philip II and employed by Alexander the Great, though similar deep pike formations appeared in other Greek states and persisted into the Hellenistic period. Pike lengths, known as sarissas, were unusually long for ancient warfare, typically several meters, allowing front-line pikemen to threaten enemies beyond the first rank and to deter cavalry.

In a pikephalanx, soldiers stood in closely packed lines, forming a shield wall in the front while pikemen extended their pikes outward and forward. The depth of the formation could be substantial, with multiple ranks providing sustained spear projection and mutual defense. The arrangement emphasized discipline, cohesion, and coordinated movement, since a loss of order could expose gaps that enemies might exploit.

Tactically, the pikephalanx aimed to deter and blunt cavalry charges, control space on the battlefield, and grind opponents through a dense, unbroken spear wall. Its effectiveness depended on trained continuity between ranks, reliable support from infantry and, often, cavalry or other contingent forces to handle flanks and rough terrain. Vulnerabilities included rigidity on uneven ground, limited maneuverability, and susceptibility to well-coordinated flanking or pursuit.

The pikephalanx played a central role in various Hellenistic armies and influenced later European infantry concepts, though it confronted growing countermeasures as military technology and tactics evolved, ultimately giving way to mixed arms formations and, much later, to firearm-based warfare.