Pigmentihäired

Pigmentihäired, also known as pigmentary disorders, refer to conditions that affect the production or distribution of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. These disorders can manifest in various ways, leading to either a loss of pigmentation (hypopigmentation) or an increase in pigmentation (hyperpigmentation).

A common form of hypopigmentation is vitiligo, an autoimmune condition where melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin, are destroyed. This results in the formation of depigmented patches on the skin. Albinism is another condition characterized by a lack of melanin production, affecting skin, hair, and eyes, often leading to vision problems. Melasma, though sometimes considered a form of hyperpigmentation, can also present as lighter patches in certain cases.

Hyperpigmentation disorders involve an overproduction or uneven distribution of melanin. Melasma, also known as the "mask of pregnancy," is characterized by brown or grayish-brown patches, typically on the face. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation occurs after an injury or inflammation to the skin, such as acne or eczema, leaving behind darkened areas. Lentigines, commonly known as sunspots or age spots, are small, pigmented spots that appear on sun-exposed areas of the skin. Freckles are another example of small, scattered areas of increased pigmentation.

The causes of pigmentihäired are diverse and can include genetic factors, autoimmune responses, hormonal changes, sun exposure, and certain medical conditions or medications. Diagnosis usually involves a visual examination by a healthcare professional, and sometimes a skin biopsy or other tests may be necessary. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder and its severity, and may include topical creams, light therapy, laser treatments, or in some cases, cosmetic camouflage.