Phones

Phones are electronic devices used to transmit voice, text, and data between people. The term covers landline phones connected by fixed networks and mobile phones that communicate wirelessly. The invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 laid the foundation for fixed-line communications, while ongoing advances in wireless technology led to handheld devices. Large, early mobile systems appeared in the mid-20th century and evolved into portable phones in the 1970s and 1980s. The first commercially available mobile handsets used analog networks, and later generations adopted digital technology and expanded capacity, enabling more advanced features and data services.

Today’s phones provide voice calls, text messaging, internet access, and a wide range of applications. A key distinction is between traditional feature phones, which focus on calls and messaging, and smartphones, which run general-purpose operating systems and support software ecosystems. Cellular standards include GSM and CDMA, with data networks evolving from 3G to 4G and 5G to support faster speeds and lower latency. Devices typically include a touchscreen display, a rechargeable battery, processors, memory, cameras, speakers, microphones, and multiple antennas, along with biometric or password security. Software platforms such as Android and iOS govern app installation and updates, enabling access to services like web browsing, email, and multimedia. The use of phones has influenced communication, work, and information access, while raising considerations around privacy, security, battery life, device recycling, and digital dependency.