Peritonik

Peritonik is a term used in medical contexts to describe anything related to the peritoneum, the serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the intra-abdominal organs. In English, the related adjective is peritoneal. The peritoneum consists of a mesothelial layer with underlying connective tissue; the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall, the visceral peritoneum envelops organs, and the peritoneal cavity contains a small amount of lubricating fluid.

Functions include providing a frictionless surface for organ movement, mediating immune responses, supporting fluid and protein exchange, and serving as a barrier to infection. The peritoneum is also used therapeutically in peritoneal dialysis, where the peritoneal membrane acts as a dialysis filter.

Clinically, peritonik changes refer to processes involving the peritoneum. Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum, usually from infection following gastrointestinal perforation or secondary to medical conditions like pancreatitis; it presents with severe abdominal pain, tenderness, rebound tenderness, guarding, and often systemic signs. Pain is typically diffuse and worsened by movement. Other peritoneal conditions include chemical peritonitis, peritoneal carcinomatosis, and ascites-related disorders.

Diagnosis combines clinical examination with laboratory tests and imaging. Peritoneal signs such as rigidity, tenderness, and rebound are important bedside clues. Imaging may include ultrasound or CT scan; analysis of peritoneal fluid can help distinguish infectious from noninfectious etiologies.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. General management of peritonitis requires prompt broad-spectrum antibiotics and source control, often surgical intervention. Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis requires intraperitoneal antibiotics and drainage if needed. Understanding peritonik processes is essential in abdominal emergencies and in the management of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.