Perfluorocarbons

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are a class of organofluorine compounds in which all hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced with fluorine, yielding fully fluorinated carbon frameworks. They are chemically inert, highly stable, and non-reactive under most ambient conditions. At room temperature, many PFCs are liquids, while some are gases. They have unusually high solubility for respiratory gases, particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide, which underpins several medical and research applications.

Production and properties: PFCs are produced by fluorinating hydrocarbons or by specialized electrofluorination methods. They resist biodegradation and photochemical oxidation, resulting in long atmospheric lifetimes. They are dense, chemically inert, and non-flammable, with low surface tension and a range of boiling points depending on molecular size.

Applications: Medical imaging uses PFCs as ultrasound contrast agents and as components of liquid ventilation systems and potential artificial blood substitutes, owing to their dissolved gas capacity. They are also used as heat transfer fluids, dielectric liquids in electronics, solvents, lubricants, and in some flame retardant formulations. In industry, emissions arise mainly from aluminum production, semiconductor manufacturing, and other high-temperature processes.

Environmental impact and safety: PFCs are potent greenhouse gases with very long atmospheric lifetimes, contributing to climate change when released. They are generally of low acute toxicity to humans, but their persistence and role in global warming drive regulatory controls and emission reduction efforts. Handling and disposal follow standard industrial hygiene and environmental guidelines.