PFCs

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a group of synthetic fluorinated organic chemicals characterized by carbon chains in which all hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine, giving high chemical stability. They are a subset of the broader class known as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances). The strong carbon–fluorine bonds confer heat resistance, and water- and oil-repellence, properties that have made PFCs useful in a wide range of applications.

Common examples include PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), PFHxS and PFNA, among others. PFCs have historically been used in nonstick cookware coatings, stain- and water-repellent fabrics, carpets, paper and food packaging, firefighting foams, metal finishing, and various electronics and industrial processes. They are valued for their durability and performance, but this durability also contributes to persistence in the environment.

Environmental and health considerations are central to current assessments of PFCs. They are highly persistent in air, water, and soil and can accumulate in wildlife and humans. Many PFCs have long biological half-lives, meaning they remain in the body for years. Potential health concerns identified in studies include thyroid disruption, immune effects, lipid changes, developmental and reproductive effects, and associations with certain cancers, though effects vary by compound and exposure level. Because of persistence and potential exposure, regulatory attention and monitoring have increased.

Regulation and remediation efforts focus on reducing releases, restricting use of long-chain PFCs, and improving waste and wastewater treatment. Internationally, PFOS and related substances are restricted under the Stockholm Convention, while many countries have phased out or limited certain long-chain PFCs. Remediation approaches include activated carbon, advanced filtration, and high-temperature destruction, alongside source-control measures to prevent emissions.