Patogener

Patogener, or pathogens, are biological agents capable of causing disease in hosts, including humans, animals, and plants. They encompass bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and prions. Not all microorganisms are pathogenic; pathogenicity arises from a combination of factors that enable invasion, replication, and tissue damage, as well as the host's vulnerability. Virulence describes the degree of harm and the mechanisms by which a pathogen damages its host.

Pathogens spread through multiple routes: direct contact, droplets and aerosols, vectors such as mosquitoes or ticks, contaminated food or water, and environmental reservoirs. Disease results from interactions between pathogen traits (virulence factors such as toxins, adhesins, invasion proteins, and immune evasion), infectious dose, and host factors (age, genetics, immunity, comorbidities). Some pathogens are host-specific; others are zoonotic and can cross species barriers.

Detection and control rely on laboratory identification (culture, microscopy) and molecular methods (PCR, sequencing), serology, and antigen tests. Prevention includes vaccination, hygiene and sanitation, safe food handling, water treatment, and vector control. Antimicrobial stewardship is essential to preserve treatment options. Treatments are pathogen-specific: antibiotics for bacteria, antivirals for viruses, antifungals for fungi, and antiparasitics for parasites, often combined with supportive care. Ongoing surveillance, research, and public health measures are key to reducing the impact of patogener on health worldwide.