Patagonía

Patagonía is a vast geographic region that straddles the southern parts of Argentina and Chile, encompassing land north of 40°S latitude. It is characterized by its dramatic landscapes, from the arid steppes of the Argentine Pampas to the rugged Andean peaks and glacial fjords of the Chilean coast. The region's name derives from the Mapuche term “patagón,” meaning “land of the giants,” reflecting its imposing natural monuments. Geographically, Patagonía is divided into northern, central, and southern sectors; the northern zone features semi‑arid plains and extensive grasslands, while the southern areas are dominated by glacial lakes, waterfalls, and dense temperate rainforests.

The climate varies markedly across Patagonía: arid deserts in the north receive low precipitation, whereas the southern zone experiences high rainfall and milder temperatures, especially along the Chilean Pacific coast. The maritime influence creates a cool, humid climate with persistent winds, notably the Zapalote and Carnavales winds that can reshape local ecosystems. Glacial melt exacerbates both water resource abundance and environmental concerns, such as sedimentation and coastal erosion.

Historically, Patagonía was inhabited by indigenous peoples such as the Tehuelche and Mapuche, who adapted to its challenging conditions through pastoralism and marine resource exploitation. European arrival in the 16th century introduced sheep farming, later expanding into wool production in the 19th century that became Chile’s leading wool exporter. Today, tourism dominates Patagonía’s economy; the region hosts UNESCO World Heritage sites like the Los Glaciares National Park and access to the fjords and islands of Chilean Patagonia. Visitors engage in trekking, wildlife observation, and eco‑tourism activities, while conservation initiatives aim to balance development with the preservation of fragile ecosystems.