Parestezi

Parestezi, or paresthesia in English, refers to abnormal sensations such as tingling, prickling, electric shocks, or numbness that do not arise from an external stimulus. These sensations can be transient or persistent and may occur in a localized area (focal paresthesia) or involve larger regions (generalized paresthesia). They are often described as “pins and needles” and can be accompanied by discomfort or a sense of tightness.

Common causes include temporary nerve compression or reduced blood flow, as when a limb “falls asleep.” More persistent paresthesias may result from nerve damage or neuropathy, caused by diabetes, alcohol use, vitamin deficiencies (notably B12), autoimmune diseases, infections, or exposure to toxins. Medications, especially certain chemotherapy agents or other neurotoxic drugs, can also induce paresthesias. Less often, paresthesias reflect disorders of the central nervous system such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Evaluation typically starts with a medical history and neurological examination to identify patterns, triggers, and associated signs such as weakness or vision changes. Diagnostic tests may include nerve conduction studies and electromyography, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography if central nervous system involvement is suspected, and blood tests to assess glucose control, vitamin levels, thyroid function, and inflammatory markers.

Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause and relieving symptoms. This may involve removing nerve compression, optimizing management of diabetes, correcting nutritional deficiencies, or adjusting medications. In some cases, medications such as anticonvulsants or antidepressants may be used for neuropathic paresthesias. Prognosis varies with cause; many transient paresthesias resolve, while chronic or progressive cases require ongoing management. Seek medical attention for sudden, persistent, or worsening unilateral symptoms or when paresthesias are accompanied by weakness, speech or vision changes.