Paramagnetiky

Paramagnetiky refers to the property of materials that are weakly attracted by an external magnetic field due to the presence of unpaired electron spins. In the absence of a field, paramagnetic materials show no spontaneous magnetization. When a field is applied, the magnetic moments tend to align with the field, producing a small, positive magnetization proportional to the field strength (M = χH). Thermal agitation reduces alignment, so the susceptibility is typically small and temperature dependent.

Two main microscopic sources exist: localized moments from unpaired electrons in ions (Curie paramagnetism) and conduction-electron spin polarization in metals (Pauli paramagnetism). Curie paramagnetism follows Curie's law χ = C/T for ideal systems; Curie-Weiss law χ = C/(T - θ) accounts for weak interactions between moments. Pauli paramagnetism is largely temperature independent and often much smaller than Curie contributions in insulators; combined behaviour in real materials may include both.

Common examples include molecular oxygen, and metal ions such as Fe3+, Mn2+. Aluminum is a weak paramagnet; gadolinium is highly paramagnetic and used in MRI contrast agents. Paramagnetiky contrasts with diamagnetism, where induced moments oppose the field, and with ferromagnetism, where spontaneous long-range order exists.

Measurement of paramagnetiky is typically done with magnetic-susceptibility techniques (SQUID magnetometry, AC susceptibility). Applications include MRI contrast agents, spintronics research, and fundamental studies of electronic structure.